Researching 'religion' in indigenous cultures

This chapter offers a constructive approach to studying ‘religion’ in Indigenous cultures by building on the work of Chidester, Fitzgerald and McCutcheon, while taking into account concerns expressed by Maori scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith and the late Dakota scholar Vine Deloria, Jr., about researching Indigenous people and religion. First, I attend to conceptual issues regarding ‘indigenous’ and ‘religion’, and the gap between self-representation and scholarly classifications, before examining identification practices (from Bayart) as strategies for recognition as Indigenous or as an Indigenous religion, paired with the politics of refusal in the rejection of colonial classifications. I will also consider issues of legitimisation, power and privilege when evaluating an alternative classification, ‘traditional spirituality’, common in Canada. At the end, I suggest ways a critical religion approach can offer a way forward that also respects these differences in representation.