Global trends on citizenship: future implications for political leadership in Africa

This chapter examined the global political systems in history and what the inherent trends may mean for citizenship and leadership in Africa, both in the present and in the future. Within the main thrust of liberal democracy (polyarchy), citizenship is defined, and liberal democracy is posited as a compelling 21st-century alternative. Further trends in politics, economics, and education have been analysed given the changing global contexts and utilised to reimagine the leadership implications for Africa's future. It is also noted that strategies for leadership development, particularly in the practice of liberal democracy, may be instrumental in a sustainable democratic polity. Such could help citizens effectively address Africa's global challenges to meet future needs.