Barriers to males reporting sexual offences

Male sexual victimisation remains a pervasive yet under-recognised phenomenon, with substantial evidence indicating that a significant proportion of men experience sexual violence during their lifetime. Despite this, reporting rates remain disproportionately low, reflecting a complex interplay of social, cultural, and institutional barriers. This review critically examines these factors, drawing on interdisciplinary literature from psychology, sociology, criminology, gender studies, and public health. Key barriers identified include traditional masculinity norms, stigma, fear of homophobia, family honour and cultural expectations, media representations, institutional distrust, secondary victimisation, and the scarcity of male-specific support services. Intersectional vulnerabilities related to race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and disability further exacerbate these challenges. The discussion highlights the implications for practice, policy, and research, emphasising the necessity of multi-dimensional, evidence-informed strategies. Recommendations include public awareness campaigns, culturally sensitive interventions, institutional reforms, trauma-informed care, and the development of male-focused support mechanisms. Addressing these barriers is essential for promoting disclosure, ensuring equitable access to support and justice, and upholding the rights and dignity of all survivors of sexual violence.